Landslide hazard analysis and mapping can provide useful information for catastrophic loss reduction, and assist in the development of guidelines for sustainable land use planning. The analysis is used to identify the factors that are related to landslides, estimate the relative contribution of factors causing slope failures, establish a relation between the factors and landslides, and to predict the landslide hazard in the future based on such a relationship [6]. The factors that have been used for landslide hazard analysis can usually be grouped into geomorphology, geology, land use/land cover, and hydrogeology [7]. Since many factors are considered for landslide hazard mapping, GIS is an appropriate tool because it has functions of collection, storage, manipulation, display, and analysis of large amounts of spatially referenced data which can be handled fast and effectively [8]. Remote sensing techniques are also highly employed for landslide hazard assessment and analysis. Before and after aerial photographs and satellite imagery are used to gather landslide characteristics, like distribution and classification, and factors like slope, lithology, and land use/land cover to be used to help predict future events [9]. Before and after imagery also helps to reveal how the landscape changed after an event, what may have triggered the landslide, and shows the process of regeneration and recovery [10].
Using satellite imagery in combination with GIS and on-the-ground studies, it is possible to generate maps of likely occurrences of future landslides [11]. Such maps should show the locations of previous events as well as clearly indicate the probable locations of future events. In general, to predict landslides, one must assume that their occurrence is determined by certain geologic factors, and that future landslides will occur under the same conditions as past events [12]. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a relationship between the geomorphologic conditions in which the past events took place and the expected future conditions [13].
Natural disasters are a dramatic example of people living in conflict with the environment. Early predictions and warnings are essential for the reduction of property damage and loss of life. Because landslides occur frequently and can represent some of the most destructive forces on earth, it is imperative to have a good understanding as to what causes them and how people can either help prevent them from occurring or simply avoid them when they do occur. Sustainable land management and development is an essential key to reducing the negative impacts felt by landslides.
GIS offers a superior method for landslide analysis because it allows one to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and display large amounts of data quickly and effectively. Because so many variables are involved, it is important to be able to overlay the many layers of data to develop a full and accurate portrayal of what is taking place on the earth’s surface. Researchers need to know which variables are the most important factors that trigger landslides in any given location. Using GIS, extremely detailed maps can be generated to show past events and likely future events which have the potential to save lives, property, and money.
Prehistoric landslides
- The Agulhas slide, ca. 20,000 km³, off South Africa, post-Pliocene in age, the largest so far described[14]
- The Storegga Slide, Norway, ca. 3,500 km³, ca. 8,000 years ago
- The Ruatoria debris avalanche, off North Island New Zealand, ca. 3,000 km³ in volume, 170,000 years ago[1].
- The landslide around 200BC which formed Lake Waikaremoana on the North Island of New Zealand, where a large block of the Ngamoko Range slid and dammed a gorge of Waikaretaheke River between the Ngamoko and Panekiri ranges, forming a natural reservior up to 248 metres deep.
- Landslide which moved Heart Mountain to its current location, Park County, Wyoming, the largest ever discovered on land.
Historical landslides
19th Century
- Cliff landslip of the Undercliff near Lyme Regis, Dorset, England, on 24 December 1839
- The Cap Diamant Québec rockslide on September 19, 1889
20th Century
- Frank Slide, Turtle Mountain, Alberta, Canada, on 29 April 1903
- Gros Ventre landslide in Wyoming, United States, on June 23, 1925
- Mount Serrat landslide in Santos, Brazil on March 1928.[citation needed]
- Ricardo Calma landslide in Peru on February 1932[citation needed]
- Tantaday landslide in Peru on March 1933[citation needed]
- Lokchang (present day of Lechang) landslide in Shaoguan, Guangdong, China on May 1934[citation needed]
- Tsumagoi mudslide with Kogushi sulphur mine damage in Gunma, Japan on November 1937.[citation needed]
- Mount Rokko mudslide by heavy rain in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan on July 1938.[citation needed]
- Mongui village landslide in Boyaca, Colombia on November 1941.[citation needed]
- Guwahati Landslide in Assam, India on September 1948.[citation needed]
- Khait landslide, Khait, Tajikistan, Soviet Union, on July 10, 1949
- Condor Hill landslide in Ancash, Peru on January 1951.[citation needed]
- Mapou landslide by Hurricane Hazel in Haiti on October 1954.[citation needed]
- Molina di Vietri and Ponte Romano landslide in Salerno, Italy on October 1954.[citation needed]
- Shillong landslide in Meghalaya, India on June 1958[citation needed]
- The Riñihuazo landslide in Chile after the Great Chilean Earthquake, on 22 May 1960
- Babi Yar landslide in Kurenivka, Ukraine on April 1961.[citation needed]
- Ranrahirca landslide in Peru on January 1962.[citation needed]
- Tara landslide in Kyushu, Japan, on July 1962[citation needed]
- Tampayacta landslide in Peru on March 1963.[citation needed]
- Changsungpo village landslide in Koje Island, South Korea on June 1963.[citation needed]
- Chepe Ghat landslide in Gorkha District, Nepal on August 1963.[citation needed]
- Monte Toc landslide (260 millions cubic metres) falling into the Vajont Dam basin in Italy, causing a megatsunami and about 2000 casualties, on October 9, 1963
- Hope Slide landslide (46 million cubic metres) near Hope, British Columbia on January 9, 1965.[15]
- El Cobre landslide with El Soldado cooper mine damage in Atacama, Chile on February 1965.[citation needed]
- The 1966 Aberfan disaster
- Santa Teresa landslide in Rio State, Brazil on February 1967.[citation needed]
- Caraguatatuba landslide in State of São Paulo, Brazil on March 1967.[citation needed]
- Kure mudslide by Typhoon Billie in Hiroshima, Japan on July 1967.[citation needed]
- Hida River landslide with two charter buses plunge in Gero, Gifu, Japan on August 1968.[citation needed]
- Darjeeling landslide in West Bengal on October 1968.[citation needed]
- Amherst and Nelson landslide by Hurricane Camille in Virginia on August 1969.[citation needed]
- the May 31, 1970 slide from Cerro Huascaran that buried the town of Yungay.
- Cauca River valley landslide in Caldas, Colombia, on December 1970[citation needed]
- Chungar landslide by avalanche in Peru, on March 1971.[citation needed]
- Saint-Jean-Vianney, Quebec, Canada. Small village near Saguenay river destroyed in May 1971.[16]
- Khinjan Pass landslide in Baghian, Afghanistan on July 1971.[citation needed]
- Tosayamada landslide in Shikoku, Japan on July 1972.[citation needed]
- Amakusa mudslide in Kumamoto, Kyushu, Japan on July 1972.[citation needed]
- Moyomarca hill mudslide in Huancayo, Peru on April 1974.[citation needed]
- Quebradablanca avalanche with swept 33 vehicle in Boyaca, Colombia on June 1974.[citation needed]
- Pahire Phedi landslide in Nepal on June 1976.[citation needed]
- Baliem Valley landslide by 1976 Papua earthquake in Irian Jaya, Indonesia on July 1976.[citation needed]
- Nilgiri Hills landslide in Tamil Nadu, India on November 1978[citation needed]
- The 1979 Abbotsford landslip, Dunedin, New Zealand on August 8, 1979.
- Landslides associated with the Mount St. Helens eruption on May 18, 1980.
- Mount Semeru landslide by heavy rain in East Java, Indonesia on August 1981[citation needed]
- Nakajima landslide in Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan on July 1982[citation needed]
- Ataco mudslide in El Salvador on September 1982[citation needed]
- Dongxing landslide in Gansu, China, on March 1983[citation needed]
- Thistle, Utah on 14 April 1983
- Chunchi mudslide in Chimborazo, Ecuador on April 1983[citation needed]
- Almora landslide in Uttar Pradesh, India on July 1983[citation needed]
- Dongchuan landslide in Yunnan, China on May 1984[citation needed]
- The Mameyes Disaster - Ponce, Puerto Rico on October 7, 1985
- Val Pola landslide during Valtellina disaster (1987) Italy
- El Limon mudslide in Aragua, Venezuela on September 1987.[citation needed]
- Villatina mudslide in Colombia on September 1987.[citation needed]
- Wuxi County landslide in Sichuan, China on September 1987.[citation needed]
- Macka landslide in Trabzon, Turkey on June 1988[citation needed]
- Darwang and Niskot landslide in Myagdi, Nepal on September 1988.[citation needed]
- Sharora landslide by 1989 Tajikistan earthquale in Hisor District, Tajikistan on January 1989.[citation needed]
- Tsablanca landslide in Georgia on April 1989.[citation needed]
- Bhaji landslide in Maharashtra, India on July 1989[citation needed]
- Calama mudslide in Atacama, Chile on June 1991.[citation needed]
- 1991 Punjabi landslide, [India] on 11 June, 1991.
- Zhaotong landslide by torrential rain, in Yunnan, China on September 1991[citation needed]
- Ninghai mudslide in Zhejiang, China on September 1992.[citation needed]
- Nambija Bajo mudslide in Zamora, Ecuador on May 1993.[citation needed]
- The Pantai Remis landslide in 1993 in an abandoned coastal tin mine in Malaysia, forming a new cove
- Kagoshima mudslide in Kyushu, Japan on August 1993.[citation needed]
- Yuangyang mudslide in Yunnan, China on July 1994[citation needed]
- Khooni Nallah and Banihal tunnel avalanche in Jammu and Kashimir region, India on January 1995.[citation needed]
- Wakhan landslide in Badakhshan, Afghanistan on April 1995.[citation needed]
- Cheorwon landslide in Gangwon, South Korea on July 1996.[citation needed]
- Tamburco mudslide by torrential rain in Apurimac Region, Peru on February 1997.[citation needed]
- Thredbo landslide, Australia on 30 July 1997, destroyed hostel.
- Pithoragarh mudslide in Uttar Pradesh, India on August 1998[citation needed]
- Lishui landslide in Zhejiang, China on September 1999[citation needed]
- The Vargas tragedy, due to heavy rains in Vargas State, Venezuela, on December, 1999, causing tens of thousands of casualties.
21st Century
- Payatas, Manila garbage slide on 11 July 2000.[citation needed]
- Mianning landslide by torrential rain in Liangshan, Sichuan, China on July 2000[citation needed]
- Amboori landslide, in Kerala, 2001
- Danba mudslide in Sichuan, China on July 2003[citation needed]
- Zuojiaying landslide in Nayong, Guizhou, China on December 2004[citation needed]
- La Conchita mudslide in California, United States on January 10, 2005, killed 10 people and destroyed 18 homes
- Jaigaon mudslide in Maharashtra, India on July 2005[citation needed]
- Southern Leyte landslide in the Philippines on 17 February 2006
- Devil's Slide, an ongoing landslide in San Mateo County, California
- Landslide in Sulawesi, Indonesia, June 2006.[17]
- Liangshan mudslide in Sichuan, China on May 2007[citation needed]
- 2007 Chittagong mudslide, in Chittagong, Bangladesh, on June 11, 2007.
- 2008 Cairo landslide on September 6, 2008.
- Xiangfen County mudslide with unlicensed Tashan coal mine collapse in Shanxi, China on September 2008.[citation needed]
- Lincang mudslide in Yunnan, China on November 2008[citation needed]
- Wulong mudslide in Chongqing, China on July 2009[citation needed]
- Hofu mudslide in Yamaguchi, Japan on July 2009.[citation needed]
- Liuzhou, Guangxi Region, China - derailed train, killing 4 [18]
- Shiaolin landslide by Typhoon Morakot in Tainan County, Taiwan on August 2009[citation needed]
- Nile Valley Landslide, no injuries but destroyed some houses, obliterated a quarter mile of Washington State Route 410 and redirecting the Naches River 10 miles west of Naches, Washington on 11 October 2009.
- Bayambang and Alcala landslide in Benguet, Philippines on October 2009.[citation needed]
- San Vicente and San Salvador mudslide by Hurricane Ida in El Salvador on November 2009.[citation needed]
Extraterrestrial landslides
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